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The Gruta de Moinhos Velhos, is one of the most important cave systems known in the Portuguese Maciço Calcário Estremenho, with about 9 km in extension. It is characterized by the existence of two fóssil paragenetic main conduits of about one decametre in diameter with dendritic tributaries, and a set of semi-active passages in a dendritic pattern at the north and angulate at the south. The fossil zone has a drop of 100 metres and the thickness of intermediate zone varies from 80 metres upstream to 60 metres downstream. Water flows in syngenetic galeries, from the northern to the southern quadrant, towards Gruta da Pena spring. It's possible to distinguish four genetic phases in the cave system development. The first one is represented by superficial phreatic galleries of small diameter, the second one by the Galeria Gémea paragenetic main conduit, the third one by the Galeria Grande and his tributaries and the last one by the active and semi-active galeries of the lower cave levels. This cave is inhabited by several endemic trogobionts: the ground-beetle ''Trechus lunai'', the cave spider ''Nesticus lusitanicus'' and by several stygobionts, being the isopod ''Proaellus lusitanicus'' the most abundant. ==References== * J. A. CRISPIM (1987) Evolução da Hidrologia Subterrânea na Gruta de Moinhos Velhos (Mira de Aire), Departamento de Geologia da Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa. ALGAR - Bol. Soc. Port. Espeleologia, 1:3-8. * A.S.P.S. REBOLEIRA et al. (2011), The subterranean fauna of a subterranean hotspot - Portugal: an overview and its conservation. International Journal of Speleology 40(1): 23-7. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gruta de Moinhos Velhos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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